Ethics Of Organ Donation And Transplantation History Essay

Ethics Of electric organ Donation And Transplantation History EssayGrafting, transplanting or transferring, all are terms that mean replacing a failing vital reed organ with a healthy functioning wholeness. Human body build up with multi of organs, some of them are vital organs as Brain, Heart, Lungs, Liver, Pancreas and Kidneys with no any of them human cannot live at all. On the other hand, tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, and veins.Transplantation and organ donation are inseparably intertwined this dream has inspired scientists during the history to obtain a successful organ transplant between humans and beat the immune system the States from fighting the gift of life and improve the quality of the recipient life.Ancient Transplants and MythsIn fact, organ re hindquartersment was a dream in ancient times. The Hindu deity Ganesha had his head replaced by an elephants head soon after birth (Rig-Veda, 1500 B .C.). In the Christian tradition, Saints Cosmas and Damian (fl. 3rd ascorbic acid A.D.) are famous for replacing the pathological leg of a true believer with the leg of a dark-skinned Moor, thereby becoming the patron saints of physicians and operating surgeons.iMany Roman and Chinese myths cite transplants of legs and black Maria by saints and medicine men, but the first account of an actual transplant took place in the spot century B.C. The Indian surgeon Sushruta transplanted skin from one man to help rebuild the nose of another man. Another recorded account of transplantation took place in the late 16th century, again with skin. Italian surgeon Gasparo Tagliacozzi in addition did a skin graft, but his is also the first recorded account of rejection of the transplant by the patient.iiHe recognized it to the force and place of individuality in his 1596 workDe Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem.This shows that the idea of using human body as treatment in end stage diseases wa s flying in the scientific horizon. The fai lead experiments verses the successful ones have established a solid database for their followers to reach the first successful organ transplantation in the early 1900s.Keratoplastic operation or corneal allograft transplant was performed successfully by Eduard Zirmin Olomouc, Czech Republic, in 1905.iii.The most beta experimenter of transplantation in the early 20th century was the French surgeon Alexis Carrel. He began to experiment with the transplantation of arteries and veins, one of his few successful human procedures. This work would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1912. Carrel also was the first to identify the problem of rejection, a dilemma that would stymie many scientists and doctors. Experimenting on dogs, Carrel learned the recipient body most often rejects giver organ materialivNevertheless, who crooked the history on its head was the collaboration between all of Dr. Joseph Murray, Dr. J. Hartwell Harrison and Dr. John Merrill , they have registered the first successful golden trite therapy in the end stage renal disease when they performed the first kidney transplant in 23 Dec 1954 in Brigham Hospital at Boston, The procedure was through between equivalent twinsto eliminate any problems of animmune reaction. For this and later work, Dr. Murray received theNobel Prize for Medicine in 1990.vIn the late 1940s,Peter Medawar, working(a) for theNational Institute for Medical Research, improved the understanding of rejection. He has identified the immune reactions in 1951. Medawar suggested thatimmunosuppressive drugscould be used.Cortisonehad been recently discovered and the more(prenominal) effectiveazathioprinewas identified in 1959, but it was not until the discovery ofcyclosporinein 1970 that transplant surgery found a sufficiently powerful immunosuppressive. other organ transplantation attempts were not stopped. The journey has continued by James Hardy, when he performed the first successful deceased-d onor lung transplant into alung cancersufferer in June 1963 inJackson, Mississippi.Thomas Starzl of Denver attempted a liver transplant during the same year, but was not successful until 1967.The heart was a most important prize for transplant surgeons. However, as well as rejection issues the heart deteriorates within minutes of death so any operation would have to be performed at great speed. The development of theheart-lung machinewas also needed. Lung pioneerJames Hardy attempted a human heart transplant in 1964, but a premature failure of the recipients heart caught Hardy with no human donor, he used a chimpanzee heart that failed very quickly.In December 3, 1967, the media has promulgated the first successful achievement byChristian BarnardinCape Town, South Africa.Louis Washkansky, the recipient, survived for eighteen days amid what many saw as a funky publicity circus.The media interest prompted a spate of heart transplants. Over a hundred were performed in 1968-69, but alm ost all the patients died within sixty days. Barnards second patient,Philip Blaiberg, lived for 19 months.It was the advent of cyclosporine that altered transplants from research surgery to life-saving treatment. In 1968 surgical pioneerDenton Cooleyperformed seventeen transplants including the first heart-lung transplant. Fourteen of his patients were dead within six months.By 1984 two-thirds of all heart transplant patients survived for five years or more. With organ transplants becoming commonplace, limited only by donors, surgeons moved onto more risky fields, eightfold organ transplants on humans and whole-body transplant research on animals.On March 9, 1981, the first successfulheart-lung transplant took place at Stanford University Hospital. The head surgeon, Bruce Reitz, ascribe the patients recovery to cyclosporine-Avi.Recently, the rate of successful organ transplants has increased rapidly and it has become the standard therapy in all over the world for end stage organ f ailure diseases. Combining to it the modern immunosuppression, which make transplants more common. However, types of donation have enlarged the pool of organs to cover the critical shortage of organs such asLiving-related donor.Living unrelated donors.Deceased donors.Non-heart beating.Xenotransplantation.Peter K.Linden (January 2009) simply described this technology explosion as This field has progressed initially from what can accurately be termed a clinical experiment to routine and reliable practice, which has proven to be clinically effective, life-saving and cost-effectivevii.To summaries the Organ Transplantation History, we can list the world-shattering events in this timeline frame1954 On December 23, the first successful living-related kidney transplant led by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume at Brigham Hospital in Boston A kidney was transplanted from Ronald Herrick into his identical twin, Richard.1962 head start successful kidney transplant from a deceased donor, led by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume at Brigham Hospital in Boston.1963First successful lung transplant led by Dr. James Hardy at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, MS.1966First successful pancreas/kidney transplant led by Drs. Richard Lillehei and William Kelly at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, MN.1967First successful liver transplant led by Dr. Thomas Starzl at the University of Colorado in Denver, CO.1967First successful heart transplant led by Dr. Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa.1968First successful heart transplant in the United States led by Dr. Norman Shumway at Stanford University Hospital in Stanford, CA.1968Uniform Anatomical Gift Act establishes the Uniform Donor Card as a legal document for anyone 18 years of age or older to legally donate his or her organs upon death.1972End Stage Renal Disease Act (ESRD) paves way for Medicare insurance coverage of Renal Dialysis and Kidney Transplants. 1981First Successful heart/lung transplant led by Dr. Brice Reitz at Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA.1983FDA approves Cyclosporine, the most successful anti-rejection medication developed to date by 1984, two-thirds of all heart transplant patients survived for five years or more.1983First successful single lung transplant led by Dr. Joel Cooper from the Toronto Lung Transplant Group, at Toronto General Hospital in Canada.1984National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) establishes a nationwide computer registry operated by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) authorizes financial support for Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs) prohibits buying or selling of organs in the United States.1986Dr. Michael DeBakey performs the worlds first heart transplant in 14 years. (USA)1986First successful double-lung transplant led by Dr. Joel Cooper from the Toronto Lung Transplant Group, at Toronto General Hospital in Canada.1986Required Request Laws beg hospitals to develop p olicies to identify patients as potential donors and approach families about organ donation.1988FDA approves Viaspan, which greatly extends the preservation of donated livers. 1989First successful excellent intestine transplant (a near-total small bowel from a deceased donor) into a child, led by Dr. Olivier Goulet in Paris, France.1989First successful living-related liver transplant led by Dr. Christoph Broelsch from Hamburg, Germany, at the University of wampum Medical Center. 1990First successful living-related lung transplant led by Dr. Vaughn Starnes at Stanford University Medical Center in Palo Alto, California. He transplants the lobe of one lung from an adult female into the womans 12-year-old daughter. 1992First baboon to human liver transplant performed by Drs. Satoru Todo, Andreas Tzakis and John Fung, under the direction of pioneer transplant surgeon Thomas Starzl, at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.1998National Conditions of community legislation enacted required hospitals to refer all deaths, and imminent deaths, to the local Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs)1998First successful hand transplant led by Australian Dr. Earl Owen and Frenchman Dr. Jean-Michel Dubernard in a 13-hour long operation in Lyon, France.2005First successful partial face transplant led by Dr. Bernard Devauchelle and Dr. Jean-Michel Dubernard in Amiens, France.2008Dr. Michael DeBakey, the world-famous cardiovascular surgeon who pioneered such now-common procedures as bypass surgery and invented a host of devices to help heart patients, died on July 11, at the age of 99.2010The worlds first full-face transplant took place in Spain. The recipient was a man injured in a shooting accident. In July, the recipient who was only identified as Oscar (age 31), spoke with abundant difficulty at a news conference at Barcelonas Vall dHebron hospital, where he was operated on in late Marchviii.Advanced Medical Technologies Ethical plight